Forecasting glossary
Every term Salesdamus uses, in plain English. No PhD required.
- Forecast horizon
- How many periods into the future you project. Accuracy and confidence degrade the further out you go.
- OLS regression
- Ordinary least squares — fits a line by minimizing the sum of squared residuals. The basis of the linear-trend forecast.
- Holt-Winters
- An exponential-smoothing method that models level, trend and seasonality together. Best for data with a repeating cycle.
- Seasonality
- A pattern that repeats over a fixed period (e.g. 12 months). Captured by the seasonal model, ignored by a plain trend.
- Bayesian shrinkage
- Pulling an estimate toward a prior (here, the long-run mean) to stabilize forecasts when data is scarce.
- Confidence interval (95%)
- A range that should contain the true value about 95% of the time. Salesdamus shows it for every forecast.
- Prediction interval
- The plausible range for a future observation. It widens with the horizon because uncertainty compounds.
- Bootstrap
- Resampling the model's residuals many times to estimate how much a forecast could vary — no distribution assumed.
- Monte Carlo simulation
- Drawing many random samples from a forecast's distribution to map out its range of outcomes.
- Backtest
- Hiding recent periods, forecasting them, and measuring the error — how Salesdamus picks the best model.
- R² (R-squared)
- The share of variance in the data explained by the model. 1.0 is perfect; near 0 means little explanatory power.
- MAPE
- Mean absolute percentage error — the average size of the forecast error as a percentage. Lower is better.
- p-value
- The probability the observed trend could appear by chance. Below 0.05 is the usual bar for 'statistically significant'.
- Residual
- The gap between an actual value and the model's fitted value. Small, patternless residuals signal a good fit.